I've Had It with Squid
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In between my work for NASA and the National Cancer Institute, writing articles for Developer.com, and helping out the websites of various local interests, I've also been doing some work for a major online magazine for home theater. I've never been involved with high-volume sites before, and so it's been a hugely educational experience.
See, the good folks at Audioholics.com thought my videos were pretty interesting and contacted me to assist in transitioning their site from their old content management system to Plone. Given how easy it is to develop compelling new web applications with Plone and its underlying web application server, Zope, not to mention the highly agile Python programming language, I thought it'd be a piece of cake.
And it was, until they tried to go live with the new system.
It seems in the Ploniverse that the Squid proxy and HTTP accelerator is generally considered some of the "best practice" when it comes to high volume web sites. Your CMS may spend a lot of time compositing a page, but once it's all assembled it doesn't change all that much. Sure, the little "portlets" on the sides may be updated, but the meat of the page is still the same, and so caching the assembled page for a hungry web audience to consume via direct-from-cache-to-browser is a good idea.
And if not Squid, then there's always Apache's mod_proxy, or even a combination of Squid and Apache. At least if you believe the community knowledge.
And you have the patience to get all that working.
Which I thought I did.
That was until the site tried to go live, several times, with the Squid setup—only to find that its confounding configuration and impenetrable log files showed that it was doing almost no good. Even after we got a Plone expert to help out, Squid just refused to play nicely. It also refused to do round-robin upstream requests to multiple Zope servers after the site decided to make some major hardware investments.
Now, I'm generally a patient person, and many of my colleagues know just how much I'll put into banging my head against a configuration file to get something working. With Squid, though, I feel as though I was literally wrestling with a giant leviathan from the deep, a massive monster of a squid risen up from oceanic depths to do battle with me, balancing futilely from a tiny little dinghy rocked upon angry waves.
I fought the squid. And it won.
My bruised and battered body, covered in welts from the beast's suction cups, washed up on some lost shore. Barely able to breathe and move I crawled away from the livid sea—to discover that same expert recommending that I now try Varnish.
Varnish? Never heard of it—which isn't saying much for the names of open source software packages, which have given up on even providing the tiniest hints of what their function might be. Consider: Siege (a regression test system), Spring (web application framework), Scarab (issue tracker), Cantus (media file tagger), Elektra Initiative (key/value pair framework), Cactus (test framework), Azureus (P2P client), Fink (Mac package framework) and so forth.
But anything's got to be better than Squid. And that's exactly what Varnish is. And not just by default—it's lightyears ahead of Squid.
Now, Squid certainly tries to be a lot more than an HTTP accelerator, which is all I wanted for this client, so I should forgive it that. Except that in trying to do so many things—outgoing web proxy, FTP proxy, transparent proxy, load balancer, and reverse proxy—it made it really hard to do just the one task that I needed it to do.
Squid also comes with a default configuration file that weighs in at over 4000 lines. Granted, there's a lot of documentation in that file, but it's essentially an embedded man page; strip out all the comments and it's still over 250 lines of configuration. Worse, the past stable version 2.4, and the current development version, 3.0, both have good online documentation. But the current stable release, 2.6, doesn't! Are you supposed to surf the bleeding edge or be mired in the past with Squid? Both, apparently.
Lastly, Squid, despite my own lame attempts at configuration and an expert's corrections, is just slow. Let's look at why.
Squid, when acting as reverse-proxy HTTP accelerator, takes an incoming request for a page and sees if it already has it in its memory cache or disk cache. If it's in neither location, it'll ask its upstream content management system to compose the page, at which point it'll cache it in memory in the optimistic hope that someone else will request it again soon. Memory's fast, after all.
If, after awhile, there are no other requests for it, it'll write it off to disk for the less optimistic case that some request will come in later. Disk's slower than memory, after all.
Sadly, this strategy effectively defeats the whole point of demand-paged virtual memory provided by modern operating systems. It's an operating system's job to abstract out memory so that an application doesn't have to worry about it. Squid, in actively worrying about it, ruins the operating system's ability to give the application any edge. Take the case where Squid has an object cached in memory—and the operating system sees that the memory page hasn't been referenced in awhile before Squid notices. The operating system transparently and without Squid's knowledge pages it out to disk. Then Squid's timers go off and it decides to write that same object out to disk. It forces the operating system to page it back into memory only so that Squid itself can write it back out to disk!
Modern Unix operating systems have the mmap system call which makes such shenanigans totally unnecessary. Disk, memory, it's all the same these days! Varnish instead just maps into memory a huge disk file and treats it as cache. It's the OS's job to manage that and it does just fine, whether you're on Linux, FreeBSD, or otherwise. Squid's disk cache consists of hundreds of files in dozens of subdirectories, forcing the disk subsystem to do dozens of cartwheels to track inodes, disk pages, and other metadata. Varnish's cache is just a big chunk of a file which you can preallocate with dd, minimizing fragmentation, maximizing speed.
Look at what else Squid does that's slow and back-asswards: Squid takes the configuration file and uses it to set all sorts of conditions in memory whose codeways must be traversed in order to figure out what to do. Varnish takes its configuration and compiles it at launch time into executable machine code!
Squid logs to files, causing disk I/O virtually all the time. Varnish writes to a round-robin shared memory area. I've seen this technique once before, when I worked for a company that made commercial-grade digital video servers. We had two of the core team from FreeBSD working there, and they used the same technique: logging was absolutely vital in debugging that system, and yet it was lighter than the breath of a fairy.
I guess it's no wonder that the principal architect of Varnish is yet another FreeBSD core team member: Poul-Henning Kamp. This is definitely slick software.
Use Varnish.
/sbin/fsck SQUID!
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Why didn't you call me? ;)
Varnish does not handle multilingual sites, it's a coin flip on which is better for you. I would love to see this turn into a contribution to the cachefu configs.
And you shoulda called me. Yeesh. Enfold hates Squid, so you bought an opinion. Good job ;)
'me' heh
ah, and by me i meant:
http://www.siggraph.org/author/jryan
Joining is broken in your site.
Joining?
HA!
Buy? No, Squid EARNED it.
In the end, Squid came by my opinion of it completely fairly and honestly, no monetary exchange at all.
Varnish on OS X
hey nutjob, did you get Varnish running on your development laptop running Mac OS X? If so, got some suggestions for Mac-specific installation and configuration?
Afraid not buddy
Time permitting, I'd love to tackle it.
Take it easy!
I can understand that you spent a lot of time trying to get Squid working correctly and you are frustrated, but Squid is an open source project developed by volunteers. I'm all for writing a blog saying that you found Varnish to be better than Squid for what you are trying to accomplish, but FUCK SQUID? Is that necessary?
PS - Your join link seems to go to your login page, so I can't join.
Paul Barry http://paulbarry.com
Point taken
And no, no need to join my own site. I'll fix that some day. I guess I should call myself lucky to have so much work that I can't work on my own site!
Interest in the hardware scenario for the reverse proxy
I would be interested in knowing what the hardware scenario for the reverse proxy was for and how much real-memory versus virtual memory etc, etc. I worked with a site that had each reverse proxy with 8GB of RAM and little swap. The reason was that if we went into swap the game was over anyway. The SQUID was set up (I don't think varnish was around then as this was the first I had heard of it.) to timeout pages after 4 hours.. with an alternative tuning of 30 minutes for hot-release days when if a file wasnt in memory for that long it wasnt going to be seen that day. Now the site actually has its reverse proxies using something like 32GB of ram on x86_64 as the main targets are ISOs and large files.
Not that you will touch squid again.. but if you do let me know. I would love to try and take down a kraken Smooge
Virtual Hosting?
While the architectural atavisims of Squid were new to me, I can very well relate to hassles of Squid 2.6 configuration; so -thanks to your post- I did not hesitate to install varnish which I of course had never heard of before. Anyway, we need to do virtual hosting with the VHMonster product; using Squid this was accomplished by a redirector application (typically Squirm or iredir) where you could set rules for (sub-)domain matching very elegantly by regular expressions. As far as I understand man(7) vcl this must somehow be realized in the vcl.conf via backend definitions and a sub vcl_recv routine. I'd very much appreciate examples and hints about this. The advantages of varnish seem to be quite obvious... Yours joc
Enter the "mappings" tab
If you use Varnish, though, you need to visit that tab. Varnish—in its 1.0.3 incarnation, at least—does not rewrite URLs so you can insert the magic elements "VirtualHostBase" and "VirtualHostRoot".
So, here's what you do:
1. Tell Varnish to always generate an HTTP/1.1 request to the backend, regardless of whether the incoming request is HTTP/1.0 or HTTP/1.1 Use the "-p backend_http11 on" command-line argument for that.
2. In your VHM's mappings tab, add an entry for "*.yoursite.com/yourfolder".
Yes
That's it! The mappings tab had been invisible to me because for some reason the 'AddSiteRoor# permission was checked off. Now I'll figure out how to get proper statistics because logging is also handled differently by varnish.
Thanks
joc
How busy is "high traffic"?
Howdy Sean! How busy is "busy" for Plone? (As in how many pageviews could the single server handle?) Was it more CPU or Disk I/O limited?
Steve Cook (from NMT! BOOYAH!)
Sizing Plone
Heya - I built and administer a very busy high profile NZ gov't Plone site (10,000+ unique visitors per day). It is heavily customised and there are certain components that are triggered on each page view that are sub-optimal from a Plone performance point of view, but are necessary from a business requirements point of view. We run four Zope nodes on two dual-Opteron servers. The machines have gobs of RAM so that isn't an issue. Pound is used to level the load evenly across all four nodes. We easily keep up with the peak load between 11am-2pm each day, where between them, the four Zope nodes handle ~130000 hits with no front-end caching at all.
What we have found, however, is that Zope/Plone doesn't like serving lots of parallel requests - if you get 50 simultaneous visitors on a single Zope node, expect it to choke. Varnish works brilliantly in this regard. The boxes that we run our Zope nodes on tick over at about 40% CPU utilisation all the time. If we put Varnish in the mix, that drops down to close to 0%. Literally. We have done some sizing tests (replaying log files against our Dev environment, etc) and not only does Varnish enable us to serve much more content at much lower CPU load (obviously), but it also speeds up the time taken to service each request, which is self-evident when you think about it (duh), but has positive flow-on effects all the way down the line that are not immediately obvious.
For example, across our peak load time, we found that with just Plone approximately 10,000 seconds were spent in total (for those 130,000 hits) at the client end waiting for responses to page requests to complete. With Varnish in the mix that was more like 6500 seconds total. This means that our front-end Apache servers were freed up more quickly to service each new request, and that all the clients using our systems would have saved almost an entire hour of total wait time across the three hours of our peak load. An hour of saved time for clients might not seem like much, but when it's every day for a year that becomes a very large efficiency very quickly.
The default Varnish config is nearly perfect for Plone out of the box - the only thing it requires is a tweak to prevent Varnish from caching pages when Plone's login session cookie is present.
Darryl Dixon Winterhouse Consulting Ltd http://www.winterhouseconsulting.com darryl.dixon@winterhouseconsulting.com
Documentation
You raised several valid points about Squid, but I think your complaints about Squid's documentation were unfair. At least squid has documentation; as you pointed out, the default condfiguration file is largely a detailed manual for the configuration language.
Other than a few virtually useless examples in vcl(7), documentation for Varnish is virtually nonexistent...and what examples there are have no comments, so the sysadmin is left to divine the meaning of various configuration directives.
- I'm not arguing that Squid is a better solution
- as you have pointed out, Varnish is designed explicitly to act as an http accelerator, and it can far outperform Squid in this role. I'm just saying that I wish Varnish had documentation that was half as good as that available for Squid.
Documentation
I totally agree. I had never heard of Varnish, so I went over to the project page and looked for the documentation to learn more about the project. I found:
- Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) - Management port
but no user documentation. I haven't seen any published performance numbers yet; so far for me it is Squid 1, Varnish 0.
Current varnish docs
The docs situation seems to have improved in the meantime: http://varnish.projects.linpro.no/wiki/WikiStart#Documentation
Installation, VCL language, FAQs, Forum - looks okay for me. I'll give varnish a try, given also that the learning time is shorter than with Squid, based on less "features".
configuration file
where could we take look at the varnish´s configuration file you set up for the plone site you´ve mentioned? how hard it was to get the tunning to have varnish working ok with plone?
Config of Varnish
See my comment above on sizing Plone. The default Varnish config file is nearly perfect - it just needs tweaking to prevent it from caching things when Plone's login session cookie is present. Bear in mind also that as another user alludes to above, Varnish isn't currently able to support varying its cache based on different language versions of the same page.
Darryl Dixon
Winterhouse Consulting Ltd
http://www.winterhouseconsulting.com
darryl.dixon@winterhouseconsulting.com
Varnish is immature and unstable
Until varnish has the ability to evict objects (hopefully in more than just LRU) when a cache is actually full (and not die) then it's useless for those sites who have a larger working set that can fit into memory, which a lot of reverse-proxy caching applications are needed for. Squid works fine for that. It's good enough for wikipedia, it should be good enough for anyone who can read the manual.
Features
I've never used Varnish, but I plan to look at it if I need caching.
One feature of Varnish that seems particulary interesting, is that it seems to be able cache fragments of the page. Does that mean that you could cache the main article/blog while keeping the comments dynamic? If so, it would probably save WordPress' ass.
Here's a Varnish benchmark for a site that uses Varnish...
Scroll down to the bottom of the about page to see their benchmark of over 12,000 req / sec.
http://www.thebestopensource.com/about.html
Only one error.
I'm with you in almost you said, but only one error. Paella DON'T have squid. ;)
signed: a man who born in Valencia ;)
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Performance of Varnish vs Squid
Interesting you feel that way. I am looking at Squid and Varnish right now and Varnish really seems to be the answer to my problems. Squid certainly has much more documentation and a larger following. To give them each a fair shot, I have done some benchmarking on each of them. My results found that Varnish serves up content much faster than Squid does. The tests I ran really just test the throughput of the two applications, but still interesting.
http://deserialized.com/reverse-proxy-performance-varnish-vs-squid-part-1/
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